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Exodus

Chapter 28

Summary

Exodus 28 details the formal consecration of Aaron and his sons to the priesthood, establishing the visual and ritual dignity required for their service. Central to this chapter are the (Sacred Garments)—garments of 'glory and beauty'—which include the (Ephod) and the (Breastpiece of judgement). The breastpiece, adorned with twelve precious stones, bore the names of the tribes of Israel, signifying that the High Priest carried the weight of the nation before the LORD. Within this breastpiece were placed the (Urim and Thummim) for divine inquiry. Aaron's attire was completed by a blue robe fringed with golden bells and pomegranates, and a gold plate on his turban engraved with the declaration (Holy to the LORD), signifying his role as the mediator who bears the people's collective guilt to maintain their acceptance before God.

1

"Have Aaron your brother brought to you from among the Israelites, along with his sons Nadab and Abihu, Eleazar and Ithamar, so they may serve me as priests."

2

"Make [1] for your brother Aaron to give him dignity and honour."

3

"Tell all the skilled workers to whom I have given wisdom in such matters that they are to make garments for Aaron, for his consecration, so he may serve me as priest."

4

"These are the garments they are to make: a [3], an [2], a robe, a woven tunic, a turban and a sash. They are to make these sacred garments for your brother Aaron and his sons, so they may serve me as priests."

5

"Have them use gold, and blue, purple and scarlet yarn, and fine linen."

6

"Make the [2] of gold, and of blue, purple and scarlet yarn, and of finely twisted linen, the work of a skilled hands."

7

"It is to have two shoulder pieces attached to two of its corners, so it can be fastened together."

8

"Its skilfully woven waistband is to be like it, of one piece with the ephod and made with gold, and with blue, purple and scarlet yarn, and with finely twisted linen."

9

"Take two onyx stones and engrave on them the names of the sons of Israel"

10

"in the order of their birth, six names on one stone and the remaining six on the other."

11

"Engrave the names of the sons of Israel on the two stones the way a gem cutter engraves a seal. Then mount the stones in gold filigree settings"

12

"and fasten them on the shoulder pieces of the ephod as memorial stones for the sons of Israel. Aaron is to bear the names on his shoulders as a memorial before the LORD."

13

"Make gold filigree settings"

14

"and two braided chains of pure gold, like a rope, and attach the chains to the settings."

15

"Make the [3], the work of skilled hands. Make it like the ephod: of gold, and of blue, purple and scarlet yarn, and of finely twisted linen."

16

"It is to be square, a span long and a span wide, and folded double."

17

"Then mount four rows of precious stones on it. The first row shall be carnelian, chrysolite and beryl;"

18

"the second row shall be turquoise, lapis lazuli and emerald;"

19

"the third row shall be jacinth, agate and amethyst;"

20

"the fourth row shall be topaz, onyx and jasper. Mount them in gold filigree settings."

21

"There are to be twelve stones, one for each of the names of the sons of Israel, each engraved like a seal with the name of one of the twelve tribes."

22

"For the breastpiece make braided chains of pure gold, like a rope."

23

"Make two gold rings for it and fasten them to two corners of the breastpiece."

24

"Fasten the two gold chains to the rings at the corners of the breastpiece,"

25

"and the other ends of the chains to the two settings, attaching them to the shoulder pieces of the ephod at the front."

26

"Make two gold rings and attach them to the other two corners of the breastpiece on the inside edge next to the ephod."

27

"Make two more gold rings and attach them to the bottom of the shoulder pieces on the front of the ephod, close to the seam just above the waistband of the ephod."

28

"The rings of the breastpiece are to be tied to the rings of the ephod with blue cord, connecting it to the waistband, so that the breastpiece will not swing out from the ephod."

29

"Whenever Aaron enters the Holy Place, he will bear the names of the sons of Israel over his heart on the [3] as a continuing memorial before the LORD."

30

"Also put the [4] in the breastpiece, so they may be over Aaron’s heart whenever he enters the presence of the LORD. Thus Aaron will always bear the means of making decisions for the Israelites over his heart before the LORD."

31

"Make the robe of the ephod entirely of blue cloth,"

32

"with an opening for the head in its centre. There shall be a woven edge like a collar around this opening, so that it will not tear."

33

"Make pomegranates of blue, purple and scarlet yarn around the hem of the robe, with gold bells between them."

34

"The gold bells and the pomegranates are to alternate around the hem of the robe."

35

"Aaron must wear it when he ministers. The sound of the bells will be heard when he enters the Holy Place before the LORD and when he comes out, so that he will not die."

36

"Make a plate of pure gold and engrave on it as on a seal: [5]."

37

"Fasten a blue cord to it to attach it to the turban; it is to be on the front of the turban."

38

"It will be on Aaron’s forehead, and he will bear the guilt involved in the sacred gifts the Israelites consecrate, whatever their gifts may be. It will be on Aaron’s forehead continually so that they will be acceptable to the LORD."

39

"Weave the tunic of fine linen and make the turban of fine linen. The sash is to be the work of an embroiderer."

40

"Make tunics, sashes and caps for Aaron’s sons to give them dignity and honour."

41

"After you put these clothes on your brother Aaron and his sons, anoint and ordain them. Consecrate them so they may serve me as priests."

42

"Make linen undergarments as a covering for the body, reaching from the waist to the thigh."

43

"Aaron and his sons must wear them whenever they enter the tent of meeting or approach the altar to minister in the Holy Place, so that they do not incur guilt and die. This is to be a lasting ordinance for Aaron and his descendants."

Notes

[1]Hebrew: בִּגְדֵי קֹדֶשׁ (Bigdei qodesh). Sacred garments or garments of holiness. These were not merely aesthetic but functional liturgical tools set apart for divine service.
[2]Hebrew: אֵפוֹד (Ephod). An ornate vest-like garment worn by the High Priest, featuring shoulder-stones engraved with the names of the tribes.
[3]Hebrew: חֹשֶׁן מִשְׁפָּט (Choshen mishpat). The Breastpiece of judgement. It contained the twelve stones representing Israel and was used for communicating divine decisions.
[4]Hebrew: הָאוּרִים וְאֶת הַתֻּמִּים (Ha-Urim ve-eth ha-Thummim). Lights and Perfections. Objects (possibly stones) kept in the breastpiece of the High Priest to determine the LORD's will.
[5]Hebrew: קֹדֶשׁ לַיהוָה (Qodesh la-the LORD). 'Holy to the LORD.' This inscription signified that the High Priest was entirely set apart for God's service on behalf of the nation.